Crossing streams or rivers is a common challenge when hiking in the backcountry. While it can be an adventurous part of the hike, water crossings also present risks, including slipping, strong currents, and cold water. Knowing how to safely cross rivers and streams will keep you safe and help you navigate difficult terrain without incident.
1. Assess the Situation Before Crossing
Before attempting to cross any stream or river, it’s crucial to evaluate the conditions. Not all crossings are safe, and sometimes the best decision is to turn back or find another way.
Key Factors to Consider:
- Depth of the Water: Shallow water is easier and safer to cross. If the water is above your knees, it may be difficult to maintain balance, especially with the added weight of your pack.
- Water Speed: Fast-moving water is more dangerous than it appears. Even shallow, fast water can knock you off your feet. Throw a stick or leaf into the water to gauge the current’s speed.
- Width of the River: Wider rivers can take longer to cross, increasing your exposure to cold water and fatigue. If the river is wide and fast-moving, look for narrower points upstream where the water may be shallower and slower.
- Weather Conditions: Rainfall can quickly swell rivers and make previously safe crossings dangerous. Check the weather and watch for signs of changing conditions.
- Bottom Surface: The riverbed should be firm and stable. Avoid crossing where the riverbed is muddy, loose, or has large slippery rocks.
2. Find the Safest Crossing Point
Once you’ve assessed the conditions, look for the safest spot to cross. Don’t assume the marked trail crossing is the best place—sometimes safer options exist upstream or downstream.
How to Choose a Safe Crossing Point:
- Look for a Wide, Shallow Section: Wide, shallow sections are generally safer than narrow, deep sections. These areas tend to have slower currents and less depth.
- Cross at a Straight Section: Avoid crossing at bends in the river where the current may be stronger. Straight sections usually have more predictable currents.
- Avoid Waterfalls and Rapids: Never attempt to cross near waterfalls, rapids, or steep drops. The current can pull you down, and falling into deeper sections of the river can be life-threatening.
- Check for Natural Bridges: Fallen trees or large rocks can create natural bridges over the water. If these look stable, they might provide a safe crossing option, but always test their stability before using them.
3. Use Proper Technique to Cross
Crossing a stream or river isn’t just about walking through the water. Proper technique is crucial for maintaining balance and safety.
Key Techniques for Safe River Crossing:
- Unbuckle Your Backpack: Before crossing, unbuckle your waist belt and chest strap. This allows you to quickly shed your pack if you lose your balance or fall into the water.
- Use Trekking Poles: Trekking poles or a sturdy stick can greatly improve your balance while crossing. Use them to test the depth of the water and support yourself on slippery rocks.
- Face Upstream and Side-Step: When crossing, face upstream and side-step across the river. This stance helps you maintain balance by distributing the force of the current evenly on both legs.
- Shuffle Your Feet: Keep your feet close to the ground and shuffle them slowly across the riverbed. Avoid taking large steps that could cause you to lose balance.
- Cross as a Group for Stability: If you’re hiking with others, consider crossing as a group. Link arms or hold on to each other for added stability. The strongest member of the group should be upstream to shield others from the current.
4. Stay Low and Maintain Three Points of Contact
When crossing, keep a low center of gravity to help with balance. Lean slightly into the current to reduce the force of the water pushing against you.
Tips for Maintaining Stability:
- Keep Three Points of Contact: Always maintain at least two feet and one pole or one foot and two poles in contact with the riverbed. This three-point stance will provide stability in moving water.
- Go Slowly: Take your time crossing. Rushing increases the likelihood of slipping on rocks or losing your balance in the current.
5. Cross Without Shoes or With Them?
One common debate among hikers is whether to cross rivers barefoot or with shoes. Both options have advantages and disadvantages.
Crossing with Shoes On:
- Advantages: Shoes provide better traction on slippery rocks and protect your feet from sharp objects, cold water, and uneven terrain.
- Disadvantages: Wet shoes can be uncomfortable and heavy. They may also take time to dry, leading to blisters or discomfort.
Crossing Barefoot:
- Advantages: Crossing barefoot or in sandals can keep your hiking shoes dry and lightweight.
- Disadvantages: Bare feet are more vulnerable to cuts, bruises, and cold water. Rocks and debris in the water can make barefoot crossings painful and risky.
Solution:
If you don’t want to get your hiking boots wet, consider carrying lightweight water shoes or sandals specifically for crossings. They offer protection and traction while allowing your main footwear to stay dry.
6. After the Crossing: Dry Off and Warm Up
Once you’ve crossed the stream or river, it’s important to take a few minutes to dry off and check your condition. Wet feet and clothes can lead to hypothermia, blisters, or discomfort as you continue hiking.
What to Do After the Crossing:
- Dry Your Feet: Use a small towel or bandana to dry your feet before putting your socks and shoes back on. Wet feet are more susceptible to blisters.
- Change into Dry Socks: If you have extra socks, change into them to keep your feet dry and warm. Carrying an extra pair of socks is always a good idea when hiking near water.
- Warm Up: If the water was cold, take a few moments to warm up, especially if it’s cold outside. Walk around briskly or use layers to trap body heat.
7. Know When to Turn Back
Not every river or stream is safe to cross. If the water is too deep, fast, or dangerous, the best decision may be to turn back or wait until conditions improve.
When to Avoid Crossing:
- Water Is Above Waist-Height: Crossing deep water increases the risk of being swept away by the current. If the water reaches your waist, it’s too dangerous to cross.
- Strong Currents: Fast-moving water can knock you off balance, even if it’s shallow. If the current is strong enough to move large debris or rocks, it’s too strong to cross.
- Rising Water Levels: If the water level is rising due to rain, snowmelt, or upstream dam releases, avoid crossing. River levels can rise suddenly and become hazardous.
- Fatigue: If you or someone in your group is feeling tired or weak, it’s better to wait before crossing. Crossing a river requires focus and strength.
8. Crossing Snowmelt Streams and Glacial Rivers
In high-altitude areas or during spring, you may encounter rivers fed by snowmelt or glaciers. These rivers can be extremely cold, fast, and unpredictable.
Tips for Snowmelt and Glacial Rivers:
- Cross Early in the Day: Snowmelt rivers are generally lower and slower in the morning, before the sun warms up the ice and snow. Plan crossings early in the day to avoid higher water levels.
- Test the Water Temperature: Glacial rivers can be freezing cold, increasing the risk of hypothermia. Test the water temperature and limit exposure by crossing quickly but safely.
9. Pack the Right Gear
Having the right gear can make river crossings safer and more comfortable. Be sure to pack items that are specific to water crossings, especially on multi-day hikes or in regions known for frequent water obstacles.
Gear to Pack:
- Trekking Poles: These provide essential balance when crossing uneven terrain or slippery rocks.
- Water Shoes or Sandals: Lightweight shoes designed for water crossings help protect your feet and give you grip on wet surfaces.
- Dry Bags: Protect important items like electronics, maps, and clothing by storing them in waterproof dry bags.
- Extra Socks: Always carry an extra pair of socks to change into after a crossing.
- Microfiber Towel: A small, packable towel is great for drying off after a crossing.
FAQ: Crossing Streams and Rivers Safely While Hiking
Is it safe to cross rivers while hiking alone?
Crossing rivers alone can be more dangerous, as you don’t have the support of others. Always assess the conditions carefully, and if the river looks unsafe, it’s better to wait or turn back. If possible, inform someone about your route and expected return time before your hike.
How do I know if a river is too dangerous to cross?
If the river is moving too fast, is above knee height, or has unclear visibility due to debris or rapids, it may be too dangerous to cross. Always look for safer alternatives or wait for conditions to improve.
Can I use a rope to help with a river crossing?
Using a rope can be dangerous if not done correctly. Ropes can trap you if you fall in the water, especially in fast-moving rivers. Unless you have proper training in river rescues and roping techniques, it’s better to avoid using ropes for crossings.
What should I do if I fall while crossing?
If you fall while crossing, try to stay calm. Drop your pack if it’s pulling you under. Turn onto your back, keep your feet downstream, and use your arms to steer yourself to the shore. Avoid standing up in fast-moving water; instead, try to float to calmer water before attempting to stand.
By following these strategies, you can safely cross streams and rivers during your hike, allowing you to enjoy the adventure while minimizing risk.